Skip to content
Teaching the Holocaust and other Genocides
 
Created in collaboration with the Holocaust & Human Rights Center, the NYS Education Department, and the NYS Archives Partnership Trust.

Rutka Laskier

Rutka’s Notebook is a historical artifact and memoir written in Polish by Rutka Laskier, a 14-year-old Jewish girl living in Poland during the Holocaust. Often referred to as the "Polish Anne Frank," Rutka documented her life, thoughts, and fears in her notebook during 1943, just months before she and her family were deported to Auschwitz, where she was killed.

The notebook offers a deeply personal glimpse into the horrors of life under Nazi occupation in the ghetto of Bedzin, Poland. Rutka wrote about the brutalities she witnessed, her fears of death, her longing for a normal teenage life, and philosophical reflections on human nature. The notebook remained hidden for decades, preserved by a Polish friend, Stanisława Sapińska, who later shared it with the world in 2006.

The foreword describes the notebook’s journey:

Excerpts from
Rutka's Notebook
Rutka Laskier

Rutka Laskier
(June 12, 1929 -
December 1943)

“That the diary was preserved is itself a minor miracle. Rutka Laskier was a bright Jewish girl whose well-do-family lived in the middle-sized town of Bedzin in southern Poland called Zaglembie. ("Bedzin" is pronounced to rhyme like “engine” in English.) In 1939 almost half of Bedzin’s 55,000 citizens were Jews; their ancestors had lived in the region since the Middle Ages.” (p. iv)

When Rutka’s diary begins, it is early 1943, more than three years after the Germans conquered Poland. As her notebook entries show, Rutka and her friends knew that the Germans had now moved beyond harassing and demeaning Jews and were deporting them in massive numbers to “extermination” camps – where some 2 million Polish Jews had already died. The survivors were beginning to grasp the grim reality: these camps, where Jews had once been forced into slave labor, had become death camps where men, women, and children were being murdered en masse.

“‘The rope around us is getting tighter and tighter,’ Rutka writes. Hoping to preserve her diary for posterity, she made a pact with an older, non-Jewish friend, Stanislawa Sapinska: Rutka would conceal her diary in her apartment building when the Laskier family was moved to Kamionka, a shabby district on the outskirts of town where the Germans were relocating the city’s Jews. When that day came in late April 1943, Rutka hid the notebook, and when Sapinska returned to the apartment after the war ended, in 1945, she found it, in good condition. Sapinska kept the notebook to herself for some 60 years, until she was persuaded to reveal its existence to the world.” (p.iv-v)

Bedzin Ghetto

Bedzin Ghetto

Rutka’s Notebook only covers a four-month period, from the first entry January 19, 1943 – April 1943 Bedzin, Poland. Rutka, an exceptionally intelligent girl with fine writing skills, documented her life in her notebook during these few months in 1943. At that time, the Laskier family – Yacov, Dvorah, Rutka, Henius and Grandma Golda – were living in one room on the Kasernerstrasse, No. 13 in the open Jewish ghetto of Bedzi. The apartment belonged to Stanislawa Sapinska’s family, and it was seized by the Germans when they established the Bedzin ghetto.

Rutka’s first entry dated January 19, 1943, begins: “I cannot grasp that it is already 1943, four years since this hell began. The days pass by quickly; each day looks just like the previous one. Every day it’s the same frozen and oppressive boredom.”

In these early days of Rutka’s captivity, Rutka sees friends, talks about the book she reads and describes her physical appearance. Although her tone is still hopeful, on January 27, 1943, she writes: “I would like to pour out on paper all the turmoil I am feeling inside but I’m absolutely incapable.”

On January 30, 1943, Rutka writes: “The rope around us is getting tighter and tighter. Next month there should already be a ghetto, a real one, surrounded by walls. In the summer it will be unbearable.”

By February 5, 1943, she is having existential dilemmas. Rutka writes: “Oh, good Lord. Well, Rutka, you’ve probably gone completely crazy. You are calling upon God as if He exists. The little faith I used to have has been completely shattered. If God existed, He would have certainly not permitted those human beings be thrown alive into furnaces, and the heads of little toddlers be smashed with butts of guns or be shoved into sacks and gassed to death…It sounds like a fairy tale. Those who haven’t seen this would never believe it’s not a legend; it’s the truth. Or the time when they beat an old man until he became unconscious, because he didn’t cross the street properly. This is already absurd; it’s nothing as long as there won’t be Auschwitz…and a green card…The end…When will it come?”

On February 6, 1943, Rutka writes: “Something has broken in me. When I pass a German, everything shrinks in me. I don’t know whether it is out of fear or hatred…” In this same entry, Rutka discusses her newly awakened feelings of womanhood and a boy named Janek for whom she has conflicting emotions.

Later in this entry, Rutka writes: “Oh, I forgot the most important thing. I saw how a soldier tore a baby, who was only a few months old, out of its mother’s hands and bashed his head against an electric pylon. The baby’s brain splashed on the wood. The mother went crazy.

“I am writing this as if nothing has happened. As if I were in an army experienced in cruelty. But I’m young, I’m 14, and I haven’t seen much in my life, and I’m already so indifferent. Now I am terrified when I see “uniforms.” I’m turning into an animal waiting to die. One can lose one’s mind thinking about this.”

On March 7, 1943, Rutka’s deepening depression is expressed: “I don’t understand why I can’t pour out my heart even on paper.” Rutka’s depression is certainly understandable. Her dreams are often of escape, either into sleep or into visions of pure flight – anywhere to get away from what she describes later in the March 7 entry as “all this grayish rottenness.”

“And now it’s enough, let’s go to sleep. There is nothing like sleep, as it says in the poem “The Happy House” [by] [Ch]odasiewicz…

“Bitter ashes in a sad heart

Quiet sleep in a dark glass

Who hasn’t drunk from a dark glass?

When bitter ashes are in your heart

And in the glass lies quiet sleep?”


“I’m Terrified When I See ‘Uniforms’” Rutka’s fear of uniforms was justified. At the same time, she was writing her diary, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was in progress. In a bloody, courageous confrontation against enormous odds, the outnumbered fighters managed to hold off the German troops for weeks. The rebellion ended in May 1943, with the murder of the majority of Jews in the Ghetto.

In early April 1943, Rutka begins working in a sewing factory. In her last dated entry on April 24, Rutka writes: “The summer is already here. It’s difficult for me to sit still in the “shop.” The sun is shining so brightly. Outside the windows apple trees and lilacs are blooming, and you have to sit in this suffocating and stinking room and sew.”

Boy with his Hands Up
Mother and children are arrested during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, in a photograph which was included in German commander Jürgen Stroop’s report on the revolt to Adolf Hitler.

The Laskier family was relocated to the Kamionka ghetto soon after this date. Months later, the Germans liquidated Kamionka and sent its residents to Auschwitz-Birkenau where only her father, Yaacov, survived.

[After the war, Rutka’s friend Linka Gold found the following entry by Rutka in her autograph book “Enjoy life now, because it flies away very quickly.”]

Discussion questions for Rutka's Notebook: A Voice from the Holocaust are below. Additional exerpts from her notebook are available here. These questions are designed to deepen your understanding of the book's themes, historical context, and personal reflections.

Discussion Questions

  1. Understanding Rutka's Perspective
  2. What are the main themes present in Rutka's Notebook? How does Rutka convey her emotions and thoughts about her experiences?
  3. How does Rutka describe life in the ghetto? What do her entries reveal about the daily struggles of living under Nazi occupation?
  4. How does Rutka's writing balance hope and despair? Provide examples from her diary.
  5. What role does fear play in Rutka’s life as described in her entries? How does it affect her outlook on the future?