Before 1933

Before 1933, antisemitism had deep roots in Europe, including Germany, where Jews had long faced discrimination, stereotypes, and social exclusion. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, modern racial theories falsely labeled Jews as an inferior race, fueling nationalist and xenophobic movements. After Germany's defeat in World War I and during the economic hardships of the 1920s, including hyperinflation and the Great Depression, Jews were often scapegoated for the country’s problems. Conspiracy theories, such as the false belief that Jews were behind Germany’s defeat and economic struggles, gained traction. These conditions created a climate of hostility and prejudice that the Nazi Party, under Adolf Hitler’s leadership, exploited when it came to power in 1933. This section includes readings with questions and activities.